Semiochemicals and their use in Mating Disruption

• A. Semiochemical defined: Chemical signals
• B. Categories of semiochemicals
  • 1. Hormones - within an individual organism
  • 2. Pheromones - between individuals of the same species
  • 3. Allelochemicals - between individuals of different species
    • a. Kairomones - to the detriment of the emitter and benefit of the receiver
    • b. Allomones - to the benefit of the emitter and detriment of the receiver
    • c. synomone - to the benefit of both emitter and receiver

• A. Mating Disruption defined
  • 1. Mechanisms
    
    
  • 2. Status as a pesticide
    
    
• B. Advantages of Mating Disruption
  • 1. Safety to applicator
  • 2. No residues at harvest
  • 3. Harmless to beneficial species
  • 4. No secondary pest outbreaks
  • 5. Applied less often than insecticides
  • 6. No specialized equipment needed
  • 7. Resistance less likely
  • 8. Slows or prevents pesticide resistance
  
  
  
• B. Disadvantages of Mating Disruption
  • 1. Species specific
  • 2. Need to monitor carefully
  • 3. High cost of pheromone dispensers
  • 4. Dispenser longevity critical
  • 5. Failure likely with high populations
  • 6. Uniform blocks recommended
  • 7. Need large blocks
  • 8. May need to place in tops of trees
  
  
  
• C. Pherolist, a glossary of lepidopteran sex attractants

• A. Oriental fruit moth
  • 1. Life history
    
    
  • 2. Disruption
    • a. trap captures
    • b. fruit injury
    • c. Recommendations (First state to incorporate mating disruption into recommendations in 1989)
  
  
  
• B. Lesser Peachtree Borer
  • 1. Life history
    
    
  • 2. Current control
    
    
  • 3. Disruption
    • a. Trap shutdown
      
      
    • b. Pupal skin counts

• A. Codling moth
  • 1. Life history
    
    
  • 2. Current control
  • 3. Disruption
    • a. Trap shutdown
      
      
    • b. Fruit injury counts
  
  
  
• B. Leafrollers
  • 1. Complex
    • a. Tufted apple bud moth
    • b. Variegated leafroller
    • c. Redbanded leafroller
    • d. Obliquebanded leafroller
    
    
    
  • 2. Permeation with pheromone of TBM, VLR and Generic 2 - Effects on:
    • a. Tufted apple bud moth
    • b. Variegated leafroller
    • c. Redbanded leafroller
    
    
  • 3. Effects of VLR permeation on damage by:
    • a. grouped leafroller complex
      
      
    • b. Platynota versus RBL injury
    
    
  • 4. Pheromone blends
    
    
  • 5. Small plot work
    
    
  • 6. Large plot work

• A. Grape berry moth
  
  
  
  • 1. Biology
    
    
  • 2. Disruption
    
    
  • 3. Effect of vineyard surroundings
  • 4. Effect of cultivar
    
    

• A. Generalist predators
  • 1. Ground beetles
    • a. Biology
      
      
    • b. Effect of disruption
    
    
    
  • 2. Spiders
    • a. Spider biology
      
      
    • b. Important spider families
      
      
    • c. Disruption effects in ground cover
      
      
    • d. Disruption effects in canopy
  
  
  
• B. Predators of aphids (Aphidopaga)
  • 1. Important families
    • a. Syrphidae
      
      
    • b. Chrysopidae
      
      
    • c. Cecidomyiidae
      
      
    • d. Anthocoridae
      
      
    • e. Coccinellidae
    
    
    
  • 2. Effects of disruption programs
  
  
  
• C. Predators of mites
  
  
• D. Parasites