The Role of Pesticides in IPM

I. Introduction to IPM

 
• A. IPM Defined:
 
• 1. Use of all available tactics


• 2. Suppress populations below economically damaging level.

• 3.  Role of invasives?
• brown marmorated stink bug
• spotted wing drosophila
• bean plataspid or kudzu bug
  
• emerald ash borer
• Spotted lanternfly?
  
 
• B. Thresholds
 
• 1. Economic injury level

 
• 2. Economic threshold (action threshold)
•     a. European red mite (dynamic threshold)
•     b. Spotted tentiform leafminer (sequential sampling)
•     c. codling moth (whether vs when to treat?)
•     d. European apple sawfly (threshold varies with block history)
•     e. white apple leafhopper (evolving thresholds with research)
  

 
• C. Tactics
 
• 1. Biological control
 
• a. Predators

 
• b. Parasites

 
• c. Pathogens

 
• d. entomopathogenic nematodes (Univ. Fla. page)

 
• 2. Host plant resistance (Cornell link on size-controlling rootstocks)
•     a. woolly apple aphid
•     b. propensity for burrknot development

 
• 3. Cultural control (page numbers refer to 2019 Field Crops PMG pdf linked here) 
  
•     a. planting date and apple
•     b. harvest date and alfalfa (alfalfa weevil, p 4-3,   p 4-8, potato leafhopper)
•     c. crop rotation and corn rootworm (p 4-25 - 4-27 (see 4-33))
•     e. harvest date and olive
  
•     f. fall removal of crop
•         i. alfalfa (p 4-4) - alfalfa weevil
•         ii. apple
•         iii. strawberry - sap beetle
  
•         iv. berry crops - spotted wing drosophila
  

 
• 4. Mechanical control
•     a. Hand-picking
•     b. netting (e.g. periodical cicada)

 
• 5. Chemical control
 
• a. Advantages of pesticides
 
• i. Cost

 
• ii. Spectrum of activity

 
• iii. Ease of application

 
• b. Disadvantages of Pesticides
 
• i. Cost

 
• ii. Spectrum of activity (non-target effects)

 
• iii. Induction of secondary pests (older vs. newer products?)
  
 
• iv. Resistance


•  v. Pollinator risk


• vi. Applicator safety

 
• vii. Consumer safety


• D. Reasons for adoption of IPM

II. Pest classification and effect on economic injury level

• A. Pests causing direct vs. indirect injury

 
• B. Key vs. secondary pests
• Other uses of "secondary"?
  

 
• C. Feeding injury vs. disease relationship
 
• 1. White apple leafhopper feeding injury

 
• 2. Potato leafhopper feeding injury

 
• 3. Role in fire blight for WALH vs. potato leafhopper

 
• D. Feeding injury vs export considerations
 
• 1. apple maggot, and export protocol for Brazil

 
• 2. Plum curculio and California, Brazil, Argentina,

III. Predator/pesticide compatibility

 
• A. Ecological Selectivity - e.g. Timing (e.g. pyrethroids), placement
  

 
• B. Physiological Selectivity - Pesticide spectrum of activity - Tables from Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers:
 
• 1. Efficacy against pests

 
• 2. Selectivity toward predators

IV. Environmental impacts of IPM

 
• A. Environmental EIL approach
 
• 1. References:
 
• a. Pedigo, L. P. & L . G. Higley. 1992. The economic injury level concept and environmental quality. Am. Entomol. 38: 12-21

 
• b. Higley, L. G. & W. K. Wintersteen. 1992. A novel approach to environmental risk assessment of pesticides as a basis for incorporating environmental costs into economic injury levels. Am. Entomol. 38: 34-39.)

• 2. Method:

 

 
• B. Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)
 
• 1. References
 
• a. Kovach, J., C. Petzoldt, J. Degni & J. Tette. 1992. A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides. N.Y. Food & Life Sci. Bull. 139: 8 p.

 
• b. Dushoff, J., B. Caldwell & C. L. Mohler. 1994. Evaluating the environmental effect of pesticides: A critique of the environmental impact quotient. Am. Entomol. 40: 180-184.

 
• c. Levitan, L., I. Merwin & J. Kovach. 1995. Assessing the relative environmental impacts of agricultural pesticides: The quest for a holistic method. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 55: 153-168.)

• 2. Method:

V. History of Pesticide Use and Impact on IPM (Pesticide Classes)

 
• A. Inorganics
• 1971 VT Cover, Recommendation table
  
 
• B. Chlorinated hydrocarbons  (DDT)

 
• C. Organophosphates (OP's)  (costs associated with OP loss)

 
• D. Pyrethroids (Extoxnet link)

• E. Neonicotinoids (nicotinoids?)  (chloronicotinyls) (Wikipedia link)

 
• F. Botanicals

 
• G. Insect Growth Regulators (IGR's)
  

 
• H. Mating Disruption
• A pesticide? See (FIFRA) (See Definitions) (pesticide - u, p 11):
• "an ingredient which will prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest"

 
• I. Food Quality Protection Act
 
• 1. FQPA at EPA
  
 
• 2. Cumulative risk - toxicity and endocrine disruption

 
• 3. Scientific basis? NRDC consent decree  

 
• 4. Final outcome may involve a compromise
 
• a. chlorpyrifos (supplemental label) (Preparing for loss)
  

• 5.  Where do we stand?  Neonicotinoids about to undergo review.
  

• 6. Related issue: Spring 1999 report from Consumers Union